Cloning

HOW DO YOU MAKE CLONES?

 _______________________________________________________________________________

A) DEF 1 : « Cloning is the process of making a clone. Cloning can refer to the technique of producing _________________________________of an organism by replacing the nucleus of an unfertilized ovum with the nucleus of a body cell from the organism.
The first adult mammal cloned was Dolly the Sheep in 1997. »
(Source : http://www.medterms.com)
B) DEF 2 : « A cell, group of cells, or organism that is ______________________and ____________________a single common ancestor, such as a bacterial colony whose members arose from ___________________________ »
(Source : http://www.thefreedictionary.com)
C) ORIGIN : The term clone is derived from the _____________________word κλών (klōn, “twig”), referring to the process whereby a new plant can______________________ a twig. »
(Source : Wikipedia)

D) FIELD : Biotechnology (sometimes shortened to "biotech") is a new and sometimes controversial branch of biology that studies the manipulation_____________________, including genetic modification and synthetic biology.

1-Ancient Greek

2-descended from

3- a genetically identical copy

4- of living matter

5- genetically identical to

6- a single original cell.

7- be created from

Reading the article:

 “Cloned dogs in training to sniff for drugs”

The world’s first purpose-cloned dogs have started training for their future careers. South 
Korea’s customs service ordered clones of its very best sniffer dog last year. It hopes the cloned canines will become experts at finding explosives and drugs at its airports. The cloning will reduce the costs involved in the months of training normal dogs. Only thirty per cent of dogs selected for training actually make the grade and become a sniffer dog. The seven cloned puppies, all named Toppy (short for Tomorrow’s Puppy), were born in October and November 2007. Cells were taken from their Labrador retriever father, called Chase, to clone them. Project manager Lim Jae-Yong believes the clones will be easier to train than ordinary dogs, because of their genes from expert sniffer Chase.

The $300,000 project was carried out by Lee Byung-Chun, who cloned the world’s first dog from a three-year-old Afghan hound. Each Toppy cost $60,000, which is half the cost of training a normal sniffer dog. All seven Toppies have been in training since they were born. They have successfully passed their first round of sniffer-dog tests, although one had to drop out with a bad leg. The dogs train together and all come running when their name is called. Their trainers only know who’s who via a microchip in each puppy’s ear. Lead trainer Kim Nak-seung said: "The differences [between them] are so small that I really can't tell the puppies apart." The Toppies should complete their training by early 2009 and start work sniffing baggage in the nation’s airports soon after.

Asking questions : You had to guess the topic...

(exemple de structures de phrases interrogatives) Is it (+Noun/Ajective)_____________ ? Is it about (+Nouns)_______________? What is (+Noun/Adjective)_________? Does it (+Verb) __________________ ? What does it (Verb)_______________ ?

Verbs : To be about / to deal with / to refer to/ to save the world/ to help humans / to improve our lives/ to trigger a debate (...) Nouns : Humans/Animals/Mammals/Plants Science Fiction/ a controversial issue / a heating debate / a crazy experiment / slavery (...) Adjectives : controversial / scandalous / shocking/ helpful / ethical / expensive / avant-garde / new (...)

__________________________________________________

Final Homework:

STUDENT CLONING SURVEY

Write five GOOD questions about cloning in the table. Do this in pairs. Each student must write the questions on his / her own paper.
When you have finished, interview other students. Write down their answers.

	STUDENT 1 _____________	STUDENT 2 _____________	STUDENT 3 _____________
Q.1.
Q.2.
Q.3.
Q.4.
Q.5.

• Now return to your original partner and share and talk about what you found out. Change partners often.
• Make mini-presentations to other groups on your findings.

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HOMEWORK

Choose one of these:

1. INTERNET: Search the Internet and find out about South Korea’s Toppies. Share what you discover with your partner(s) in the next lesson.

2. CLONING: Make a poster about the pros and cons of cloning. Show your work to your classmates in the next lesson. Did you all have similar things?

3. CLONED: Write a FAKE magazine article about two people - one is the clone of the other. Include imaginary interviews with them. Read what you wrote to your classmates in the next lesson. Write down any new words and expressions you hear from your partner(s).

4. DIARY / JOURNAL: You have a clone. Your clone is 13 years old. Write your diary entry for one day you spent with him/her. Include the conversations you had and the advice you gave him/her. Read your entry to your classmates in the next lesson.

The Mitosis: Steps/Stages of cell division

Interphase	(VIDEO: allez en bas de page: Scroll down) a step : a stage : une étape    The cell is engaged in metabolic activity. It is preparing for mitosis (the next four phases that lead up to and include nuclear division). Chromosomes cannot be clearly identified the nucleus, although a dark spot called the nucleolus may be visible. The cell may contain a pair of centrioles (or microtubule organizing centers in plants).
Prophase	Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense and becomes visible in the light microscope as chromosomes. The nucleolus disappears. Centrioles begin moving to opposite ends of the cell and fibers extend from the centromeres.
Prometaphase	The nuclear membrane dissolves: It's the beginning of prometaphase. Proteins attach to the centromeres: It creates the kinetochores. Microtubules attach to the kinetochores and the chromosomes begin moving.
Metaphase	Spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell nucleus. This line is referred to as the metaphase plate. This organization helps to ensure that in the next phase, when the chromosomes are separated, each new nucleus will receive one copy of each chromosome.
Anaphase	The paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores and move to opposite sides of the cell. Motion results from a combination of kinetochore movement along the spindle microtubules and through the physical interaction of polar microtubules.
Telophase	Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell, and new membranes form around the daughter nuclei. The chromosomes disperse and are no longer visible under the light microscope. The spindle fibers disperse, and cytokinesis (= The partitioning of the cell) may also begin during this stage.
Cytokinesis	In animal cells, cytokinesis results when a fiber ring (composed of a protein called actin around the center of the cell) contracts. That contraction pinches the cell into two daughter cells, each with one nucleus.  ANIMATION :

WORKSHEET: MITOSIS ANIMATION #1

Mitosis is like a dance!

I. Introduction: a step = a stage ( = a phase)

There are ______ steps which are called “______________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________.”

II. The steps explained:

1. First, the key is a C_____________ in which there's a C_____________ composed of a C___________________ and a C__________________ !

Make a sketch here:

1. Then, there is a phase called “_________________” because the cell prepares.
   During this phase, the membrane around the N___________ , called “ N____________ M_______________”.
   The membrane ______________ _____.
   The C______________ become more compact ( = more C_____________ ) and
   the C________________ move to opposite ends ( = poles).

Make a sketch here:

2. Next, there's a new phase which is a M_____________ phase called “_______________ because the C____________ line up or meet in the M____________ of the C___________. The C______________ still are at the opposite ends and the S__________ F____________ attach (or link) the C____________ to the P__________/opposite E_______.

Make a sketch here:

3. After that, there's a phase called “________________” because the different elements are A______________. Now the F___________ become shorter and as a consequence, the C________________ go to the P_______________.

Make a sketch here:

4. Finally, the last phase called “________________” starts, which means T__________ because the division takes place. The separation is a process and is also called “C__________________S”. The cell gets bigger before it can split in two!

Make a sketch here:

Racism: Inborn or Acquired?

Tout savoir sur le cerveau! Clique ici (en français)

NEUROSCIENCE/// By Jeffrey Kluger Thursday, Oct. 09, 2008

The human brain is surely the most sophisticated data-processing machine in the world, except when it's not. (...) Like all other animals, our species emerged in a world where there was critical value in distinguishing between members of your own tribe--who nurture you and protect you--and members of other tribes, who see you as a competitor for food and mates. Your very survival can turn on making this distinction quickly. (...)

L'amygdale ou complexe amygdalien est un noyau pair situé dans la région antéro-interne du lobe temporal au sein de l'uncus, en avant de l'hippocampe et sous le cortex péri-amygdalien. Elle fait partie du système limbique et est impliquée dans la reconnaissance et l'évaluation de la valence émotionnelle des stimuli sensoriels, dans l'apprentissage associatif et dans les réponses comportementales et végétatives associées en particulier dans la peur et l'anxiété . L'amygdale fonctionnerait comme un système d'alerte et serait également impliquée dans la détection du plaisir.

Tout savoir sur cette petite partie du cerveau que l'on appelle l'amygdale, clique ici.

In the 1990s, psychologist and social scientist Mahzarin Banaji of Harvard University co-created what's known as the implicit-association test (IAT), a way of exploring the instant connections the brain draws between races and traits. (...) The IAT asks people to pair pictures of white or black faces with positive words like joy, love, peace and happy or negative ones like agony, evil, hurt and failure.

Speed is everything, since the survey tests automatic associations.

When respondents are told to link the desirable traits to whites and the undesirable ones to blacks, their fingers fairly fly on the keys. When the task is switched, with whites being labeled failures and blacks called glorious, fingers slow considerably, a sure sign that the brain is struggling.

When Banaji, along with cognitive neuroscientist Liz Phelps of New York University, conducted brain scans of subjects using functional magnetic resonance imaging, they uncovered the reasons for the results. White subjects respond with greater activation of the amygdala--a region that processes alarm--when shown images of black faces than when shown images of white faces. "One of the amygdala's critical functions is fear-conditioning," says Phelps. "You attend to things that are scary because that's essential for survival."

Later studies have shown similar results when black subjects look at white faces.

-o-o-o-

Phelps conducted other studies in which the images included such friendly faces as Will Smith's and Harrison Ford's and found that this helped control the amygdala too. "The more you think about people as individuals," she says, "the more the brain calms down." (...)

Animal brains operate mostly in the present and past; they know what's happening now, and they recall things that occurred before. When animals encounter an unwelcome outsider, simply driving away the interloper is thus sufficient, since they don't give much thought to whether the intrusion will happen again. Humans, however, operate with awareness of the future, which means we seek to extinguish not only a current threat but also future ones--and that can mean trying to eradicate the entire group that poses the perceived danger.Worse, as our ability to develop weapons has progressed, our ability to carry out our murderous plans advanced along with it. 

 

The bad news is that wisdom, the human faculty that trumps all this, can be very slow to arrive. The good news is that with enough time, both individuals and the species as a whole do acquire it.

Adapted from: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1848769,00.html

Le cerveau humain est le résultat d'un longue évolution! Et elle n'est pas terminée, il nous reste à évoluer!

Cartoon Project

My e-mail:

help_me_teacher @ yahoo.fr

 Ressources for students:

Strip Generator (BD)

http://stripgenerator.com


La Cartoonerie (BD)

http://www.lacartoonerie.com

Go Animate (animation)
http://goanimate.com

Exemple d'animation enfantine sur un sujet de biologie!!!

DNA Animation

Source: http://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/07-how-dna-is-packaged-basic.html

Each chromosome consists of one continuous thread-like molecule of DNA coiled tightly around proteins

STUDIED WITH ME AND THE BIOLOGY TEACHER: 

Transcript: In this animation we'll see the remarkable way our DNA is tightly packed up so that six feet of this long molecule fits into the microscopic nucleus of every cell. The process starts when DNA is wrapped around special protein molecules called histones. The combined loop of DNA and protein is called a nucleosome. Next the nucleosomes are packaged into a thread, which is sometimes described as "beads on a string". The end result is a fiber known as chromatin. Now the chromatin fiber is coiled into a structure called a "solenoid". This fiber is then looped and coiled yet again, leading finally to the familiar shapes known as chromosomes, which can be seen in the nucleus of dividing cells. Chromosomes are not always present. They form around the time cells divide when the two copies of the cell's DNA need to be separated. At other times, as we can see now after the cell has divided, our DNA is less highly organized. It is still wrapped up around the histones, but not coiled into chromosomes.

Human Beings...Living Together

We are not all of one mind*...and that is good. Because we are different, with varying views of the world, we add to our capability for growth, development, the very success of our species. Were we the same, with fewer new ideas and less imagining of possibilities, we would stagnate. Success for human beings is both to survive and to improve. (*mind: esprit, varying: variant, add to: ajouter, growth: croissance, le fait de grandir, le développement, a species: une espèce, fewer: moins de, stagnate: ne pas progresser, both: les deux, improve: améliorer )

They are all the same...
No matter their language, religion, customs, race (ethnicity), or environment, all human beings have the exact same feelings. Happiness/sadness; hope/despair; trust/wariness; pride/shame: these feelings are common to all of them. The causes for these feelings may differ, but the feelings themselves are identical.

Just as the senses process information the same way for all humans and the body carries out the same physical processes, the brain initiates their thoughts and emotions the same way. 

Human beings, then, all have the same basic parts, processes, and emotions. Variations do occur (for example, a human born with six fingers on one hand; another may be extremely smart; another may have no compassion), but more than anything else, these variations confirm the fundamental characteristics common to all humans. 

...Yet they are all different. 

Because each individual is different, each has a different view of the world, a different perspective. They each live in the same world, using the same basic senses with the same basic feelings. This can help them to mutual understanding. But seeing it is same world in different ways can lead to mutual misunderstanding/disagreement.

It is important to note our similarities, but perhaps more important to note our differences. These are what we most often kill each other over. 
== this is why we kill each other. 

From birth, every human gathers a great variety of information about the world. And this information will be different from that gathered by every other human because two individuals can see, hear, smell, taste, touch the same thing and yet describe it differently. 

Article on Lab Saftey

Introduction

Safe Laboratory Practices


Participation in a biology laboratory is a required part of most biology courses. When working in a lab, it is important for your own safety and for the safety of others that you understand the basic rules and guidelines that are standard for biology laboratory work. Collectively the general rules for work in a laboratory are known as safe laboratory practices. These rules are designed to keep you, your classmates, and your instructors safe when in the lab.
Students in the laboratory

Safety Categories


Work in any laboratory can expose you to dangers. The major types of dangers you would encounter in a biology laboratory are physical hazards, chemical hazards and biological hazards.


Physical hazards are dangers caused by objects or materials present in the lab, such as obstacles that may cause a person to trip or fall, glassware that may break and cause injury, or loose hair and clothing that may become entangled or catch fire during experimental procedures.
Chemical hazards are dangers posed by chemicals such as acids, bases, flammable liquids, and so forth.
Biological hazards are dangers posed by exposure to human or animal tissue, bodily fluids, and disease-causing organisms such as bacteria, protists, and viruses.


How can I reduce my risks?


All of these types of hazards can cause accidents or injury during the laboratory. However, following proper safe laboratory practices can reduce or eliminate the risks posed by physical, chemical and biological dangers.


To ensure that you, your classmates and your instructors remain safe when working in the laboratory, you must adhere to three basic guidelines: Proper behavior, proper clothing, and proper precautions.

https://www.msu.edu/~nixonjos/teaching/bio/safety/safety02.html

Safety Rules

Lab safety rules: We studied that video in class.

1ière 14 - 2011-2012